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2024 Updated Guidelines for Management and Treatment of HCM

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The American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy published in 2020 have been updated for 2024 to address certain new developments in the field including the addition of myosin inhibitor such as Camzyos (mavacamten) to the treatment arsenal, as well as the benefits of exercise for the HCM population.

The 2024 guidelines update the most recent version published in 2020.  In the past,  guidelines were only updated every decade or so, but with the recognition of major changes in the treatment of HCM with the addition of new drugs such as mavacamten, AHA/ACC wants to keep the guidelines current with emerging developments.  Guidelines are compiled following review and discussion by a committee of HCM experts with reference to the latest published HCM literature.  The document addresses the broad spectrum of issues seen by medical professionals who are called upon to diagnose and treat patients and families affected by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Two patients served on the writing committee for this 2024 update:  Cynthia Burstein Waldman, a HCM patient who is the Founder and Editor of the blog HCMBeat was privileged to sit on the writing committee alongside congenital heart patient and 2020 guidelines committee member Lauren Evanovich and the esteemed panel of medical professionals. Together the committee members discussed the latest research and determined best practices for addressing all facets of HCM.  The inclusion of patients on the committee provides a real world perspective focusing the discussion through the lens and experience of people who have actually lived through and dealt with these and similar medical issues. Lauren and I hope and believe that our input was useful and we are grateful to have played a small part in moving things forward for HCM patients.

Some key updates to the 2024 guidelines include:

  • New Drug Options:  Cardiac myosin inhibitors such as Bristol Myers Squibb’s mavacamten (Camzyos) are now an option to treat patients with obstructive HCM who do not see improvement to their symptoms from first line drug treatments like beta blockers and calcium channel blockers.
  • Exercise:  Exercise is beneficial to patients with HCM and has not been associated with increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias as previously feared and reflected in prior guidelines which urged caution with regard to exercise. Current research reflects the cardiovascular benefit to all, including HCM patients, of moderate exercise.  However, it is critical to seek input from HCM experts and engage in shared decision making about the risks and benefits of exercise before undertaking an exercise program. This discussion should be repeated at regular intervals.
  • Shared Decision Making:  The 2020 and 2024 guidelines emphasize the process of shared decision-making between patients and medical providers.  Medical providers should provide an overview of all testing and treatment options, and engage the patient in a complete discussion of all risks and benefits.  Most importantly, the patient is encouraged to share their own goals, values, and concerns which should inform the final decision.
  • Referral to HCM Specialty Centers Encouraged:  Referral to specialized HCM Centers with expertise in treatment of the disease is important.  Expert advice is especially important where the treatment path is not clearly defined, or for HCM specific procedures and complex treatment and lifestyle decisions.
  • Atrial Fibrillation:  HCM patients with atrial fibrillation, whether it is persistent or paroxysmal (sporadic), have a heightened risk of stroke. Therefore, there should be a low threshold for prescribing anti-coagulant drugs for HCM patients with AFib without regard to traditional stroke risk scoring systems, i.e. the CHADS-VASc score.  Maintenance of sinus rhythm and rate control are key treatment goals.

For key patient takeaway messages from the guidelines click HERE.

For a complete look at the guidelines click HERE.

For a video of the Writing Committee Chair Dr. Steve Ommen and Co-Chair Dr. Carolyn Ho talking about the new guidelines, as well as other and related resources, click HERE.

Exercise and HCM: Not Enemies Anymore

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Lots of good news for active HCM patients was presented at last weekend’s 23rd Annual American College of Cardiology Scientific Sessions.

The long-awaited results of the LIVE-HCM study were presented, and the results were quite reassuring for HCM patients who are vigorous exercisers.

This study followed 1534 HCM patients between the ages of 8 and 60,. Most participated in various forms of exercise over the three year period of the study, such as running, swimming and basketball.  The study also included 126 participants who carried a gene associated with HCM, but did not show overt signs of the disease. 42% of study participants exercised vigorously, 43% exercised moderately, and 16% were not active.

Contrary to an older school of thought which cautioned against vigorous exercise in HCM patients, the results of the study showed NO increase in cardiac arrests, ventricular arrhythmia or fainting among the vigorous exercisers, disproving the long held assumption that vigorous exercise was dangerous for patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.  Also, the study found no cardiac events occurring among the group who only carried a gene for HCM but did not have the disease.

According to Dr. Rachel Lampert of the Yale School of Medicine who was the lead investigator of the study, the data from this study “does not support restriction of vigorous exercise for individuals with HCM.”  Dr. Lampert also spoke about the benefits to health of exercise in general, and the need for shared decision-making between HCM patients and experienced HCM physicians when making decisions around exercise.

You can see this video of Dr. Lampert talking about the LIVE-HCM study.

And in other good news for HCM athletes, another paper supportive of competitive sports in patients with genetic heart disease was presented at ACC23.  This presentation showed that 95% of competitive athletes who played at the Division 1 or professional level who elected to return to play after being diagnosed with a genetic heart disease did not experience cardiac events such as fainting, seizures, ICD shocks, sudden cardiac arrests or sudden cardiac death.  Again, focusing on the need for shared decision-making and risk stratification with an expert, the researchers believe that with a comprehensive return-to-play protocol including a personal AED, annual follow-ups and continued risk evaluation, together with coordination with team and/or organization medical staff, a return to competitive sports may be possible.

Comprehensive risk assessment, combined with shared decision making around the decision to participate in sports, seems to be the way of the future.  It is an important concept that was included and discussed in the 2020 ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of HCM and represents an important advance for patients.

The Evolution of HCM: A Historical Perspective

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This article, by Drs. Julio Panza and Srihari Naidu of New York’s Westchester Medical Center, describes early efforts to diagnose, categorize and treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, while explaining how these methods have evolved over time.  A very interesting and informative read.

Exercise Testing Important for HCM Patients

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According to a recent study by doctors at Tufts HCM Center in collaboration with colleagues in Italy, exercise testing is an invaluable tool in the assessment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients.

In particular, two types of exercise testing are most valuable for HCM patients:

  • Exercise Echocardiogram:  These tests are valuable in determining whether a patient has obstruction.  It provides a physiological way to measure whether or not a patient has an obstructed left ventricular outflow tract and hence, may potentially be in need of an invasive procedure to treat the obstruction.  According to the article, approximately 1/3 of HCM patients have latent obstruction which may only be seen during or after exercise.  This obstruction is not always apparent from their resting echocardiogram.

and

  • Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing:  These tests help determine functional capacity and provide a quantifiable indicator of heart failure symptoms.  This test  can identify patients in need of more aggressive treatment options, or who are potentially in need of transplant.  A particularly valuable piece of data from this test is the “VO2 max” score, which is a measure of the maximum rate of oxygen consumption during exercise which reflects the cardiorespiratory fitness level of a person.

*Editor’s note – Exercise testing was particularly informative and important in my own HCM treatment.  It was only after my doctors performed an exercise echo that the extent of my obstruction became apparent.  The symptoms I had been suffering appeared to be out of proportion to what was visualized on my resting echo.  The exercise echo helped my doctors understand the cause of my symptoms which made the next step, in my case a myectomy, much clearer.

You can read my full story here .

 

 

Should Alcohol Septal Ablation Be Considered for Younger Patients?

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Since the early 1960s, surgical septal reduction, also known as septal myectomy, has been used as a therapy for the treatment of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Pioneered at the National Institute of Health by cardiac surgeon Dr. Glenn Morrow, himself a HCM patient, septal myectomy has become a mainstay of the HCM treatment arsenal.

An alternative to septal myectomy, alcohol septal ablation (ASA), was first performed by Ulrich Sigwart in the United Kingdom at the Royal Brompton Hospital in London in 1994.

For many years, the indications for ASA procedures has been limited to older patients with obstructive HCM who were not otherwise healthy enough to undergo open heart surgery.  However, some doctors are now advocating to expand the indications for ASA to include symptomatic younger patients.

(For more information about myectomy and ASA,  click here and scroll to bottom of page).

Continue reading “Should Alcohol Septal Ablation Be Considered for Younger Patients?” →

RESET-HCM: Rethinking Exercise for HCM Patients – Interview with Dr. Sara Saberi and Dr. Sharlene Day

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Editor’s note: This is our first interview feature on HCMBeat.  In the future, we hope to feature more interviews with other HCM researchers who have published articles of interest to the HCM community.  

By now, you have probably already heard the buzz about RESET- HCM – a study about the effects of exercise on HCM patients conducted by Dr. Sara Saberi and Dr. Sharlene Day at the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Clinic of the University of Michigan’s Frankel Cardiovascular Center in collaboration with Dr. Matthew Wheeler and Dr. Euan Ashley of Stanford’s HCM Center. The findings were presented at the American College of Cardiology Conference on March 17, 2017 held in Washington D.C. and were the subject of this feature on HCMBeat. 

Recently, Cynthia Waldman of HCMBeat had the opportunity to sit down with Drs. Saberi and Day for a detailed conversation (over Skype) about the study.  What follows is a transcript of their conversation (which has been edited for readability).

Continue reading “RESET-HCM: Rethinking Exercise for HCM Patients – Interview with Dr. Sara Saberi and Dr. Sharlene Day” →

End of the Road for Eleclazine and Liberty HCM Study

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 Eleclazine:  The Liberty HCM Trial

It appears to be the end of the road for the Gilead drug eleclazine, a late sodium channel inhibitor previously known as GS-6615.  Eleclazine, with properties similar to the anti-angina drug ranolazine (which was approved by the FDA in 2006), was the subject of a recently terminated HCM clinical trial known as Liberty-HCM.  The HCM eleclazine study focused on whether the drug would improve symptoms and exercise capacity in patients with HCM by increasing their peak oxygen uptake, resulting in improved VO2 max readings on exercise testing.  The HCM study began enrolling patients in February 2015. Data collection had been scheduled to continue through June 2017. Continue reading “End of the Road for Eleclazine and Liberty HCM Study” →

Duchess Kate’s Sister, Pippa, Supports British HCM Charity

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Pippa Middleton, who came to the public’s attention during the wedding of her sister Katherine to Prince William, has recently dedicated her efforts toward raising money for HCM genetic testing and research.  Middleton’s efforts are in honor of her late friend Miles Frost, who was lost to sudden cardiac arrest due to HCM in 2015. Frost’s father, British journalist and media personality David Frost, died from HCM just two years earlier in 2013, but this information was never communicated to the family.

The Miles Frost Fund, a partnership with the British Heart Foundation , helps families who have lost a member to a sudden death obtain genetic testing in order to learn if other family members are similarly affected. The Frost Fund also funds research by U.K.researchers working towards finding a cure for HCM.

What Are the First Signs of HCM?

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A study published today by Dr. Carolyn Ho, of Boston’s Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and colleagues, including Australia’s Christopher Semsarian, found that there are several factors which appear to stand out in young people who later go on to develop HCM.

The children/adolescents/young adults who participated in the study all carried at least one gene associated with HCM, and were members of families with strong histories of HCM. None of the 38 young people had clinical manifestations of HCM at the beginning of the study period, while 4 went on to develop HCM by the end of the study.  In collecting the data analyzed in the study, the test results of the 4 individuals with HCM were compared to the 34 individuals that did not have HCM at the end of the study.

The factors associated with the development of overt HCM, as identified by the researchers, were: abnormal left ventricular relaxation and higher ejection fraction, EKG changes, longer mitral valve leaflets, higher NT-proBNP concentrations and troponin values.

In the conclusion, the authors acknowledged the need for further research and investigation in order to better understand the natural course and evolution of the disease.

Guest Blogger – Surgical Myectomy: A Twice in a Lifetime Experience – By Jill Celeste

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I have had the joy of being a Registered Nurse for over 40 years. I was born wanting to be a nurse and started bandaging teddy bears at the age of three. By the age of 5, I was creating “medicines” by spinning blades of grass mixed with clover flowers in the front wheel well of an upside down tricycle.

As I got older, I moved on to be a Candy Striper and a Nurse’s Aide, and then I went on to get my degree as a RN, a BSN, and MSN and became a teacher, administrator, and researcher. All of this cannot REALLY prepare you for; “Being on the other side of the bed” which is what happens when a health care professional who is used to caring for patients becomes a patient themselves. Continue reading “Guest Blogger – Surgical Myectomy: A Twice in a Lifetime Experience – By Jill Celeste” →